Distance computations usually were no more than 0.3% in error, while the angles and courses discrepancies were mostly within few angular minutes. Considerable testing of programs have been conducted and compared with the publicly-available geodesic computations over the surface of the terrestrial reference ellipsoid.

Working equations and algorithms have been coded into several high-level programming languages, such as, Fortran /2008, Matlab, and True Basic. We havent found any reviews in the usual places. Reviews arent verified, but Google checks for and removes fake content when its identified. For sun, when obervation is in PM hrs, then LHA P. Note: Confusion often arises regarding obtaining LHA once P is obtained by Cos P formula. Additionally, we summarized short-lines navigation theory with particular emphasis on Polar Regions and very short distances elsewhere on the Earth. 1948 - Navigation (Aeronautics) - 356 pages. Cos P sin T Alt +/- sin lat x sin dec (same name Lat/Dec -ve) cos lat x cos dec. Some global-range flights including to polar crossings and/or long flights over open water with not many alternate landing sites available may be ETOPS limited. Great Circle routes between many major international airports have been generated and waypoints designed for both GC and rhumb-line routes. Database of about 50 major international airports from every corner of the world has been designed and used in testing and route validation. Rhumb-line navigation has little practical use in long-range flights, but has been presented for historical reasons and for comparison. Air transportation economy requires flying shortest distance, which in the case of spherical Earth are Orthodrome arcs. Such effort would require airplanes with the operational air range of at least 12,500 NM which is about 40-60% longer than anything existing in commercial air transport today. Global range air navigation implies non-stop flight between any two airports on Earth.

Practical air navigation